Memory Guide
Storage Devices
The Computer Storage is use
for Store and Retrieve Information. Important factors in storing and
retrieving information are the type of media (Magnetic, Optical ,MO), or storage
device, used to store information; the media’s storage capacity(KB, MB, GB or
TB) ; the speed of access and information transfer to and from the storage
media bps, Kbps, KBps, Etc) ; the number of times new information can be
written to the media (Read only, Write Once, Rewritable, Read and Write) ;
and how the media interacts with the computer (PNP, Hot pluggable ) .
Information storage can
be classified as being permanent (ROM, CD ROM) , semi permanent (Floppy Disk)
, or temporary (RAM, Cache Memory) . Information can also be classified as
having been stored to or retrieved from primary (RAM, ROM)or secondary memory
(Magnetic, Optical ,MO).
Primary
memory, also known as main memory, is the computer’s main random access
memory (RAM). All information that is processed by the computer must first
pass through main memory.
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BIOS ROM
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SIMM Memory
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Types of
Memory
1. Registry
2. Cache
Memory –L1,L2
3. RAM
I. SIMM -30 Pin/73pins –
50ns,60ns
II.DIMM
A.
SD
RAM
-168pin
-66MHz(Pc528) Speed -100MHz(Pc800)- 133MHz (Pc1064)
B.
DDR
SD RAM-184pin -266HMz(Pc2128)
Speed-333MHz(Pc2700)-400MHz(Pc3200)
C.
DDR2
-
D.
DDR3
-
III.RD
RAM
-184pin-600MHz(Pc1200) Speed-800MHz(Pc1600)
Secondary
memory is any form of memory other than the main computer memory, including
the hard disk, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic tape.
1.
Magnetic
Media
a. Floppy Disk (640KB-2.88MB)
b. Hard Disk (IDE/SCSI) – (1GB-2TB)
c. Zip Disk (100MB-250MB)
d. Tape Drive(2TB-16TB)
2.
Optical
Media
A. CD ROM/CD RW (250MB-800MB)
B.
DVD ROM/DVD RW (4GB-16GB)
C.
Blue RAY (10GB-40GB)
3. Magneto
Optical Drive (MO
Drive)
A. Supper Disk
B. Jass Disk
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SD RAM
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DDR RAM
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Floppy Disk
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CD ROM
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DVD RW
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Hard Disk Drive
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4. Other Types
of Storage Media
1. Flash Drive
Another type of storage
media, called a flash memory, traps small amounts of electric charge in
“wells” on the surface of a chip. Side effects of this trapped charge, such
as the electric field it creates, are later used to read the stored value. To
rewrite to flash memory, the charges in the wells must first be drained. Such
drives are useful for storing information that changes infrequently.
The first type
of flash drive will contain single level cell memory. What this means is that
it can sustain about 100,000 write cycles, meaning that you can erase and
write over it 100,00 times. You will find that this can hold a great deal of
information over time and that if you are looking for a device that will
really go the distance, this could be exactly what you are looking for.
When you are looking at flash
drives, they come in many different formats:
The first one that you may be
most familiar with is a USB flash drive. A USB flash drive will let
you plug the small drive directly into your computer and you will be able to
access it as a drive on your computer. It's Hot Pluggable .You can Plug and
remove the drive without shutdown the PC, Laptop, or any device. This will
allow you to copy information to it as you need to and you will find that
there are plenty of reasons to stop and take a look at your data need to see
what device will suit best.
Here are some
common designs available for USB Flash drive:
The Twister: With its 360-degree rotating feature, it eliminates the use of cap for USB Flash drive protection. Hence, there''s no more cap to lose. Most twist USB flash drive designs include a small split ring on its end to allow easy attachment to keys or a neck strap. The Lizard: This refers to the USB flash drive that doubles as a flexible wristband. This is a very fashionable design as it is carried by popular USB flash drive brands in a number of colour selections, making it popular among young costumers. Its brandable areas make it a great promotional device. The Cap less: It is important for everyone to make sure that his or her flash drives have long life. The capless USB flash drive has presented a fashionable and practical alternative to capped memory sticks. The capless design is primarily focused on creating sleek and sturdy USBs that are easy to use and store. The MP3 players: Talk about multi-functional USB flash drives, these are cheap alternatives to branded MP3 players. Depending on the application features, this line of USB flash drive is compatible to popular audio file format such as the MP3, WMA and WAV files. USB Pens: This multi-functional and EPOS-enabled USB flash drive design delivers the benefits of a digital pen with full flash memory capabilities. When used with compatible software, it allows its users to enjoy a portable writing and sketching tool that also captures and stores written and drawn files in real-time speed.
Difference
between a flash drive and a thumb drive
Flash Drive – A
flash drive is a compact USB memory drive that acts a lot like a portable
hard drive. You can store data on it, as well as, transfer it from computer
to computer. They are able to hold a great deal of information, but they do
come in different storage sizes.
Thumb Drive- Thumb drives
are like digital lock boxes. They come with a write protection feature. This
is just a switch located at the bottom of the drive that when it is unlocked,
you are able to write data to the thumb drive, but when it is locked, you can
only read data from the drive.
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Zip Disk
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MO Disk
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LS 120
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PCMCIA Card
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USB Flash Drive
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SD HC
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Micro SD with
SD Adapter
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Mini SD with
SD Adapter
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XD card
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2 . Memory
Card
Most
electronics
now use memory cards for data storage, including expandable memory slots to
increase existing memory on certain devices. Available
memory slots on a digital camera, phone or PC tablet may actually be a
deciding factor for you when shopping for these electronics. To help you,
here are more details comparing the common types of memory cards these
devices may use.
Multimedia
Card: This is one of the oldest memory cards around, and is used in many
devices. You can use Multimedia Cards (MMCs) in SD card slots because they
have a similar form factor. Multimedia Cards can carry up to 32GB of data.
MMCs also come in smaller versions for mobile devices.
SD
cards: These memory cards are currently the most dominant form of flash
memory for portable electronics, fast replacing a lot of the other
formats on this list. If your devices support SD cards, you'll have no
trouble finding compatible cards for a long time. SD memory cards
cover a whole family of Secure Digital cards with different storage
capacities and read/write speeds.
Types
of SD Cards
CompactFlash
cards: Some digital cameras and camcorders use CompactFlash (CF) memory
cards, with storage capacities up to as much as 100GB, though 16GB or smaller
is more popular. Because CompactFlash has been around for a while, you'll
want to check which version your camera is compatible with before you buy.
Memory
Stick cards: The Memory Stick memory card family offers multiple
formats, including Duo, Pro, Micro and XC. Storage capacities vary among the
different memory cards. These flash memory cards are typically used in
cameras, computers, PDAs and some portable gaming systems.
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Micro SDHC
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Memory Stick Pro
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Multimedia Card
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CF Card
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Digital Camera
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Memory card readers
A memory card reader is one
accessory that is a must-have for every digital photographer. They offer
great benefits in convenience and operation that make them well worth the
modest purchase price- usually under $20.
Memory card readers are
convenient because you can connect them to an open port on your computer and
just leave them there. Whenever you want to download pictures, just take the
card from the camera, place it in the card reader, and away you go! Most new
computers will recognize a memory card reader without installing any special
software, so you probably won’t have to worry about installing software to
use it.
Downloading pictures from your
camera requires it to be turned on, which wastes battery power better used
for picture taking. The flimsy cord that connects the camera to the
computer is easy to misplace, as well.
Most card readers use a USB connection.
If your computer has a USB 2 or FireWire port, you can buy a high-speed card
reader that will take advantage of the faster connection and download your
pictures even faster.
Users of digital
cameras have two
options when it comes to accessing their photos – a direct connection between
the camera and computer or using a memory card reader. The first option
involves connecting your camera to an available USB port and accessing the
memory card through the camera. The other – and faster - option involves
using a memory card reader that also hooks into your computer via USB and
reads the memory card independently from the camera.
Memory card
readers provide a
convenient way to access your photos by acting as a drive in which you can
insert your memory card. It can be used to read, copy, and backup data on the
card. In addition, by using it, you will conserve the battery life of your
camera.
Super Media Store stocks memory
card readers which hook into an available USB port and read a wide variety of
memory card formats including Secure Digital and Multi Media Card.
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Mobile Phone
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Multi card Reader
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Multi card Reader
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Flash Drive- Twister
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Difference
between a Smart Media card, a Compact Flash card and a SD media card
All three are memory cards, but they do not have any real similarity beyond that. They are different sizes and shapes and totally incompatible with each other.
SD and Compact Flash are now
the commonly used cards. Compact Flash cards, while larger in physical size
than SD cards, tend to be much less expensive and available in a greater
variety of speeds and sizes.
Smart Media is becoming
obsolete and is not used in recently-introduced digital cameras.
SD/Micro
SD/Micro SD HC
micro SD is
the smallest portable memory card available, in terms of physical dimensions,
but it can store up to 4 gigabytes (GBs) of data.
HC
HC
stands for "High Capacity." An SDHC card may go up to 64GB but can
be as little as 2GBs. This causes some confusion because there are some
non-HC SD that come in 2GB and 4GB varieties
Compatibility
This causes a problem when one attempts to use a micro SD card in a micro
SDHC card slot. These two technologies are not compatible. Unless the memory
card is labeled "High Capacity" or "HC," it will not work
with an HC slot.
Adapters
However, a micro SD card can fit in a mini SD or regular SD slot, if you use
an adapter. While a micro SD card is not compatible with a micro SDHC slot,
it is compatible with mini SD and regular SD.
SDXC
The next step above HC is XC, which stands for "Extra Capacity."
This format is designed to offer up to 2 terabytes of storage space, or 2048
gigabytes. The transfer speeds are expected to increase from 104 megabytes
per second (MB/s) to 300 MB/s.
Types
As of the date of publication, SD cards come in three categories: SD, SDHC
and extra-capacity SD (SDXC). SD and SDHC cards come in standard-, mini- and
micro-sized formats, which are distinguished by their physical dimensions.
Presently, SDXC cards, which offer between 32GB and 2TB of memory, are
available in SDXC and micro SDXC formats only.
Micro SD and micro SDHC cards
are commonly used in cell phones and smart phones. For instance, the
BlackBerry Curve 3G 9330 supports both card types for up to 32GB of expanded
memory. You can identify which SD card is which by looking for their
designation and capacities, which are clearly labeled on each card.
Sizes
SD memory cards are conveniently portable and neatly compact, so much so,
that if you're not careful, you could easily lose them. SD, SDHC and SDXC
cards are about the size of a postage stamp, measuring 0.9 inch wide, 1.3
inches long and 0.08 inch deep, and weigh 0.07 ounce.
MiniSD and mini SDHC
cards are about a third of the size of SD, SDHC and SDXC cards, measuring 0.8
inches wide, 0.8 inch long and 0.06 inch deep, weighing 0.03 ounce. At 0.02
ounce, micro SD, micro SDHC and micro SDXC cards are about the size of a
fingernail and measure 0.4 inch wide, 0.6 inch long and 0.04 inch deep.
Speeds
In relation to recording video, which most cellphones and smartphones on the
market are capable of, SD cards, in all their varieties, are subdivided into
two categories: Ultra-High Speed Class and Speed Class.
The SC is subdivided
into speed classes -- Class 2, 4, 6 and 10 -- that are compatible with normal
or high-speed bus interfaces. The UHSC contains just one class, Class 1, that
works with ultra-high-speed bus interfacing and is compatible with only SDHC
and SDXC cards. Each SD memory card, including the microSD and microSDHC
cards used in cellphones, is compatible with the SC subclasses.
Standards
All types and formats of SD cards, regardless of
their manufacturer, are built to the standards established by the SD
Association, an international organization comprised of electronics-related
companies throughout the world.
Established by SanDisk, Toshiba and Panasonic
in 2000, the SDA currently has more than 1,000 members. SD technology is used
in more than 8,000 products worldwide, including cell phones, digital cameras
and video gaming consoles. SD cards are designed to not only be used by
devices produced by different companies, but between different types of
devices, as well.
For example, video recorded on a mobile phone, such as the
HTC Desire, can be played using the Nintendo Wii by inserting the phone's
micro SD or micro SDHC memory card into the console's card slot.
Applications
When deciding between a Class 6 and Class 4 Micro SDHC memory card, consider
the intended application. Class 2 cards are recommended for standard
definition video recording and low resolution digital cameras.
These
applications require the least amount of transfer speed for affective use.
Class 4 cards are recommended for HDTV video recording. Class 6 cards are
recommended for professional video cameras and DSC consecutive shooting.
Class 10 cards meet the specifications for full HD video recording and HD
still consecutive shooting. HD video and HD photography require the highest
data transfer speeds because the resulting file sizes are larger than
traditional SD files.
Significance
Speed class specifications were originally established with video recording
in mind. Many camcorders, video recorders and other devices require constant
and reliable transfer speeds to function properly.
This has become more
important with the advent of high definition video and high resolution
digital cameras. By designating a minimum data transfer speed for each class
of card, manufacturers can ensure compatibility with a multitude of devices.
Considerations
The choice between a Class 6 and Class 4 Micro SDHC card should be determined
by the intended use. Most manufacturers will recommend which class to use for
their products.
This guarantees optimal user experience and performance. If a
device designed for Class 6 Micro SDHC cards is using a lower speed class
card, the result could be corrupted data or dropouts.
Cameras may experience
lag between shots while the image data is being written to the card. Digital
cameras equipped with consecutive shooting or burst mode should opt for
higher speed class cards to avoid such situations.
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Currently in market there are in
all 12 different types of memory cards available in market. They are as
follows:
You will be just astonished by
this list. This memory cards are classified on basis of there cost, physical
size, reading and writing speed, storage capacity.
Given below is the
classification given based on the above parameters;
Cost
SD, MMC, Compact Flash are
cheaper than other memory cards but this is sole factor related to market. If
for example we will consider Memory Stick Card, now all the rights related to
these cards are with Sony. So they decide the price of this card for other
companies like SanDisk want to manufacture them.
Physical Size
Compact Flash is the memory
card which has the largest physical size, and XD, TransFlash, Mini-SD, RS-MMC
are the smallest in case of physical size.
Reading And Writing Speed
When your data is saved on the
card the gadget or the appliance using it writes the data onto it. Now
reading and writing speed are different for different memory cards. Following
is the table which illustrates the read and writes speed for different card
for a data of capacity 28 MB;
So looking at the table above
it is clear that MMC card is the fastest of them all. But this table is just to
clear the idea; the timing may vary according to the manufacturers.
Storage Capacity
Earlier 32MB and 16MB capacity
cards were common, but now the capacity has increased to 4 GB. Today you will
not see 256MB or 512MB card also easily, 1GB cards are the most common. This
is the needs of today. If we consider a basic digital camera with resolution
of 4 Mega pixels then each snap taken will be of size 1.5-2MB. Now just think
if you are using 32MB memory card, at the most you can store 16 photos in the
card. Now imagine how many times you have to empty the memory card. So as the
need increases the storage capacity of the memory cards also increases.
So now the difference between
the memory cards must be cleared to some extend. While purchasing the memory
card you just have to keep all the above parameters in mind and choose the
memory card which is the most suitable for meeting all your
requirements.
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Data Source
http://www.photohowto.info/, http://ezinearticles.com/ http://www.supermediastore.com/ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ www.ehow.com, http://www.soundadviceblog.com/, http//www.overstock.com/ EncartEncy
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